| 24 Feb 1918 | independence declared (Republic of Estonia), followed by German occupation (until 11 Nov 1918) | Leaders |
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| 29 Nov 1918 - 24 May 1919 | Estonian Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic | Leaders |
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| 17 Jun 1940 | Soviet occupation | Leaders |
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| 21 Jul 1940 | Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic | Leaders |
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| 6 Aug 1940 | incorporation into the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics) | Leaders |
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| 8 May 1990 | Republic of Estonia | Leaders |
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| 20 Aug 1991 | independence declared | Leaders |
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| 6 Sep 1991 | independence recognized by U.S.S.R. | Leaders |
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| 24 Feb 1918 - 24 Apr 1919 | Estonian Liberation Committee - Konstantin Päts (b. 1874 - d. 1956) - Konstantin Konik (b. 1873 - d. 1936) - Jüri Vilms (to 13 Apr 1918) (b. 1889 - d. 1918) | State elders |
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| 29 Nov 1918 - 24 May 1919 | Jaan Anvelt | State elders |
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| 24 Apr 1919 - 21 Dec 1920 | August Rei (1st time) | State elders |
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| 21 Dec 1920 - 25 Jan 1921 | Ants Piip | State elders |
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| 25 Jan 1921 - 21 Nov 1922 | Konstantin Päts (1st time) | State elders |
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| 21 Nov 1922 - 2 Aug 1923 | Juhan Kukk | State elders |
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| 2 Aug 1923 - 26 Mar 1924 | Konstantin Päts (2nd time) | State elders |
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| 26 Mar 1924 - 16 Dec 1924 | Friedrich Akel | State elders |
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| 16 Dec 1924 - 15 Dec 1925 | Jüri Jaakson | State elders |
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| 15 Dec 1925 - 9 Dec 1927 | Jaan Teemant (1st time) | State elders |
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| 9 Dec 1927 - 4 Dec 1928 | Jaan Tõnisson (1st time) | State elders |
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| 4 Dec 1928 - 9 Jul 1929 | August Rei (2nd time) | State elders |
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| 9 Jul 1929 - 12 Feb 1931 | Otto Strandman | State elders |
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| 12 Feb 1931 - 19 Feb 1932 | Konstantin Päts (3rd time) | State elders |
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| 19 Feb 1932 - 19 Jul 1932 | Jaan Teemant (2nd time) | State elders |
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| 19 Jul 1932 - 1 Nov 1932 | Karl August Einbund | State elders |
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| 1 Nov 1932 - 18 May 1933 | Konstantin Päts (4th time) | State elders |
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| 18 May 1933 - 21 Oct 1933 | Jaan Tõnisson (2nd time) | State elders |
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| 21 Oct 1933 - 23 Jul 1940 | Konstantin Päts (5th time) [riigihoidja] 3 Sep 1937 - 24 Apr 1938; president from 24 Apr 1938) | State elders |
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| 23 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 | Johannes Vares "Barbarus" | State elders |
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| 29 Mar 1990 - 6 Oct 1992 | Arnold Rüütel | Chairman of the Supreme Council |
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| 6 Oct 1992 - 8 Oct 2001 | Lennart Meri | Presidents |
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| 8 Oct 2001 - 9 Oct 2006 | Arnold Rüütel | Presidents |
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| 9 Oct 2006 - | Toomas Hendrik Ilves | Presidents |
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| 24 Feb 1918 - 9 May 1919 | Konstantin Päts (1st time) | Prime ministers |
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| 9 May 1919 - 18 Nov 1919 | Otto Strandman | Prime ministers |
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| 18 Nov 1919 - 28 Jul 1920 | Jaan Tõnisson (1st time) | Prime ministers |
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| 28 Jul 1920 - 30 Jul 1920 | Ado Birk | Prime ministers |
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| 30 Jul 1920 - 26 Oct 1920 | Jaan Tõnisson (2nd time) | Prime ministers |
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| 26 Oct 1920 - 21 Dec 1920 | Ants Piip | Prime ministers |
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| 24 Jan 1934 - 3 Sep 1937 | Konstantin Päts (2nd time) | Prime ministers |
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| 9 May 1938 - 12 Oct 1939 | Kaarel Eenpalu (= Einbund) | Prime ministers |
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| 12 Oct 1939 - 21 Jun 1940 | Jüri Uluots | Prime ministers |
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| 21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 | Johannes Vares "Barbarus" | Prime ministers |
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| 3 Apr 1990 - 30 Jan 1992 | Edgar Savisaar | Prime ministers |
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| 30 Jan 1992 - 21 Oct 1992 | Tiit Vähi (1st time) | Prime ministers |
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| 21 Oct 1992 - 8 Nov 1994 | Mart Laar (1st time) | Prime ministers |
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| 8 Nov 1994 - 17 Apr 1995 | Andres Tarand | Prime ministers |
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| 17 Apr 1995 - 17 Mar 1997 | Tiit Vähi (2nd time) | Prime ministers |
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| 17 Mar 1997 - 25 Mar 1999 | Mart Siimann | Prime ministers |
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| 25 Mar 1999 - 28 Jan 2002 | Mart Laar (2nd time) | Prime ministers |
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| 28 Jan 2002 - 10 Apr 2003 | Siim Kallas | Prime ministers |
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| 10 Apr 2003 - 13 Apr 2005 | Juhan Parts | Prime ministers |
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| 13 Apr 2005 - | Andrus Ansip | Prime ministers |
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