Historical country records
Germany historical timeline
Holy Roman Empire
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 6 Aug 1806 | Reich dissolved | Leaders |
| 1 Aug 1658 - 5 May 1705 | Leopold I | Emperors-elect |
| 5 May 1705 - 17 Apr 1711 | Joseph I | Emperors-elect |
| 17 Apr 1711 - 12 Oct 1711 | Imperial vicars - Johann Wilhelm (b. 1658 - d. 1716) - Friedrich August I "der Starke" (b. 1670 - d. 1733) | Emperors-elect |
| 22 Dec 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 | Karl VI | Emperors-elect |
| 20 Oct 1740 - 14 Jan 1742 | Imperial vicars - Karl Albrecht (b. 1697 - d. 1745) - Friedrich August II (1st time) (b. 1696 - d. 1763) | Emperors-elect |
| 12 Feb 1742 - 20 Jan 1745 | Karl VII | Emperors-elect |
| 20 Jan 1745 - 13 Sep 1745 | Imperial vicars - Maximilian III (b. 1727 - d. 1777) - Friedrich August II (2nd time) (s.a.) | Emperors-elect |
| 4 Oct 1745 - 18 Aug 1765 | Franz I | Emperors-elect |
| 18 Aug 1765 - 20 Feb 1790 | Joseph II | Emperors-elect |
| 20 Feb 1790 - 30 Sep 1790 | Imperial vicars - Karl IV Philipp Theodor - Friedrich August III "der Gerechte" (1st time) (b. 1750 - d. 1827) | Emperors-elect |
| 9 Oct 1790 - 1 Mar 1792 | Leopold II | Emperors-elect |
| 1 Mar 1792 - 7 Jul 1792 | Imperial vicars - Karl IV Philipp Theodor - Friedrich August III "der Gerechte" (2nd time) (s.a.) | Emperors-elect |
| 14 Jul 1792 - 6 Aug 1806 | Franz II | Emperors-elect |
Confederation of the Rhine
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 25 Jul 1806 | Confederation of the Rhine founded Charter members: - king of Bavaria - king of Württemberg - elector-archchancellor (formerly archbishop of Mayence) - elector of Baden - becomes grand-duke - duke of Berg and Cleves - becomes grand-duke - landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt - becomes grand-duke - prince of Nassau-Usingen - senior of these two becomes duke - prince of Nassau-Weilburg - prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen - prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen - prince of Salm-Salm - prince of Salm-Kyrburg - prince of Isenburg-Birstein - duke of Arenberg - prince of Liechtenstein - count of Leyen - becomes prince From 15 Sep 1806: - grand-duke of Würzburg From 11 Dec 1806: - king of Saxony From 15 Dec 1806: - duke of Saxe-Weimar - duke of Saxe-Gotha - duke of Saxe-Meiningen - duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen - duke of Saxe-Coburg - duke of Anhalt-Dessau - duke of Anhalt-Bernburg - duke of Anhalt-Köthen - duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin - duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz - duke of Oldenburg - prince of Lippe-Detmold - prince of Schaumburg-Lippe - four princes of Reuss - two princes of Schwarzburg - prince of Waldeck From 15 Nov 1807: - king of Westphalia | Leaders |
| 25 Jul 1806 - 19 Oct 1813 | Carl Theodor Reichsfreiherr von Dalberg (b. 1744 - d. 1817) | Prince-Primate |
Transition 1813-15
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 21 Oct 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 | Karl Freiherr vom und zum Stein | President of the Central Administration Council |
Germany 1815-1945
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 20 Jun 1815 - 24 Aug 1866 | German Confederation; members in official sequence: denied by Federal Assembly 16 Jun 1866) into Nassau 12 Mar 1850) 12 Mar 1850) | Leaders |
| 12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 | German Reich (officially from 28 Mar 1849) | Leaders |
| 1 Jul 1867 | North German Confederation; members in official sequence: bank of the Rhine) | Leaders |
| 1 Jan 1871 | German Reich | Leaders |
| 10 Nov 1918 | republic | Leaders |
| 23 May 1945 | Allied occupation (formally assuming supreme power 5 Jun 1945) | Leaders |
| 12 Jul 1848 - 20 Dec 1849 | Johann, Erzherzog von Österreich | Provisional Central Authorities |
| 6 Jun 1849 - 18 Jun 1849 | German Imperial Regency - Franz Raveaux (b. 1810 - d. 1851) - Carl Vogt (b. 1817 - d. 1895) - August Heinrich Simon (b. 1805 - d. 1860) - Friedrich Schüler (b. 1791 - d. 1873) - August Becher (b. 1816 - d. 1890) | Provisional Central Authorities |
| 20 Dec 1849 - 1 May 1850 | Federal Commission Prussia) | Provisional Central Authorities |
| 18 Jan 1871 - 9 Mar 1888 | Wilhelm I | Hohenzollern dynasty |
| 9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 | Friedrich III | Hohenzollern dynasty |
| 15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 | Wilhelm II | Hohenzollern dynasty |
| 11 Nov 1918 - 20 Dec 1918 | Richard Müller + Hans-Georg von Beerfelde (b. 1877 - d. 1960) + Brutus Molkenbuhr (b. 1881 - d. 1959) Councils of Greater Berlin) | Presidents |
| 20 Dec 1918 - 6 Feb 1919 | Robert Leinert + Max Cohen-Reuss (b. 1876 - d. 1963) + Hermann Müller (b. 1876 - d. 1931) | Presidents |
| 6 Feb 1919 - 7 Feb 1919 | Wilhelm Pfannkuch | Presidents |
| 7 Feb 1919 - 11 Feb 1919 | Eduard David | Presidents |
| 11 Feb 1919 - 28 Feb 1925 | Friedrich Ebert | Presidents |
| 28 Feb 1925 - 12 Mar 1925 | Hans Luther (acting) | Presidents |
| 12 Mar 1925 - 12 May 1925 | Walter Simons (acting) | Presidents |
| 12 May 1925 - 2 Aug 1934 | Paul von Hindenburg | Presidents |
| 2 Aug 1934 - 30 Apr 1945 | Adolf Hitler (Führer) | Presidents |
| 1 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 | Karl Dönitz | Presidents |
| 21 Mar 1871 - 20 Mar 1890 | Otto Fürst von Bismarck | Chancellors |
| 20 Mar 1890 - 29 Oct 1894 | Leo von Caprivi (from 18 Dec 1891, Leo Graf von Caprivi) (b. 1831 - d. 1899) | Chancellors |
| 29 Oct 1894 - 17 Oct 1900 | Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (b. 1819 - d. 1901) | Chancellors |
| 17 Oct 1900 - 14 Jul 1909 | Bernhard Graf von Bülow (from 6 Sep 1905, Bernhard Fürst von Bülow) (b. 1849 - d. 1929) | Chancellors |
| 14 Jul 1909 - 16 Jul 1917 | Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg | Chancellors |
| 16 Jul 1917 - 2 Dec 1917 | Georg Michaelis | Chancellors |
| 2 Dec 1917 - 5 Oct 1918 | Georg Graf von Hertling | Chancellors |
| 5 Oct 1918 - 9 Nov 1918 | Max Prinz von Baden | Chancellors |
| 9 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 | Friedrich Ebert | Chancellors |
| 10 Nov 1918 - 27 Dec 1918 | Friedrich Ebert (1st time) + Hugo Haase (b. 1863 - d. 1919) | Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners |
| 27 Dec 1918 - 29 Dec 1918 | Friedrich Ebert (2nd time) | Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners |
| 29 Dec 1918 - 30 Dec 1918 | Friedrich Ebert (3rd time) + Philipp Scheidemann (b. 1865 - d. 1939) | Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners |
| 30 Dec 1918 - 11 Feb 1919 | Friedrich Ebert (4th time) | Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners |
| 13 Feb 1919 - 21 Jun 1919 | Philipp Scheidemann | Chancellors |
| 21 Jun 1919 - 27 Mar 1920 | Gustav Bauer | Chancellors |
| 13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 | Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion) | Chancellors |
| 27 Mar 1920 - 21 Jun 1920 | Hermann Müller (1st time) | Chancellors |
| 21 Jun 1920 - 10 May 1921 | Konstantin Fehrenbach | Chancellors |
| 10 May 1921 - 22 Nov 1922 | Joseph Wirth | Chancellors |
| 22 Nov 1922 - 13 Aug 1923 | Wilhelm Cuno | Chancellors |
| 13 Aug 1923 - 30 Nov 1923 | Gustav Stresemann | Chancellors |
| 30 Nov 1923 - 16 Jan 1925 | Wilhelm Marx (1st time) | Chancellors |
| 16 Jan 1925 - 13 May 1926 | Hans Luther | Chancellors |
| 13 May 1926 - 17 May 1926 | Otto Gessler (acting) | Chancellors |
| 17 May 1926 - 28 Jun 1928 | Wilhelm Marx (2nd time) | Chancellors |
| 28 Jun 1928 - 30 Mar 1930 | Hermann Müller (2nd time) | Chancellors |
| 30 Mar 1930 - 1 Jun 1932 | Heinrich Brüning | Chancellors |
| 1 Jun 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 | Franz von Papen | Chancellors |
| 3 Dec 1932 - 30 Jan 1933 | Kurt von Schleicher | Chancellors |
| 30 Jan 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 | Adolf Hitler | Chancellors |
| 30 Apr 1945 - 1 May 1945 | Joseph Goebbels | Chancellors |
| 2 May 1945 - 23 May 1945 | Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk | Chancellors |
Allied occupation
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 8 May 1945 - 10 Nov 1945 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | Military governors |
| 11 Nov 1945 - 25 Nov 1945 | George S. Patton, Jr. (acting) | Military governors |
| 26 Nov 1945 - 5 Jan 1947 | Joseph T. McNarney | Military governors |
| 6 Jan 1947 - 14 May 1949 | Lucius D. Clay | Military governors |
| 15 May 1949 - 1 Sep 1949 | Clarence R. Huebner (acting) | Military governors |
| 2 Sep 1949 - 1 Aug 1952 | John J. McCloy | High commissioners |
| 1 Aug 1952 - 11 Dec 1952 | Walter J. Donnelly | High commissioners |
| 11 Dec 1952 - 10 Feb 1953 | Samuel Reber (acting) | High commissioners |
| 10 Feb 1953 - 5 May 1955 | James B. Conant | High commissioners |
British zone
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 22 May 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 | Sir Bernard Law Montgomery (from 1 Jan 1946, Bernard Law Montgomery, Viscount Montgomery of Alamein) (b. 1887 - d. 1976) | Military governors |
| 1 May 1946 - 31 Oct 1947 | Sir William Sholto Douglas | Military governors |
| 1 Nov 1947 - 21 Sep 1949 | Sir Brian Hubert Robertson | Military governors |
| 21 Sep 1949 - 24 Jun 1950 | Sir Brian Hubert Robertson | High commissioners |
| 24 Jun 1950 - 29 Sep 1953 | Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick | High commissioners |
| 29 Sep 1953 - 5 May 1955 | Sir Frederick Hoyer Millar | High commissioners |
French zone
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Jul 1945 - 21 Sep 1949 | Pierre Koenig | Military governor |
| 21 Sep 1949 - 5 May 1955 | André François-Poncet | High commissioner |
Soviet zone
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 9 Jun 1945 - 10 Apr 1946 | Georgy Zhukov | Military governors |
| 10 Apr 1946 - 29 Mar 1949 | Vasily Sokolovsky | Military governors |
| 29 Mar 1949 - 10 Oct 1949 | Vasily Chuikov | Military governors |
| 10 Oct 1949 - 28 May 1953 | Vasily Chuikov | Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission |
| 28 May 1953 - 16 Jul 1954 | Vladimir Semyonov | High commissioners |
| 16 Jul 1954 - 20 Sep 1955 | Georgy Pushkin | High commissioners |
German Democratic Republic
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 7 Oct 1949 | German Democratic Republic ("East Germany") | Leaders |
| 3 Oct 1990 | incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany | Leaders |
| 22 Apr 1946 - 25 Jul 1950 | Wilhelm Pieck + Otto Grotewohl (b. 1894 - d. 1964) | Socialist Unity (Communist) Party |
| 25 Jul 1950 - 3 May 1971 | Walter Ulbricht | Socialist Unity (Communist) Party |
| 3 May 1971 - 18 Oct 1989 | Erich Honecker | Socialist Unity (Communist) Party |
| 18 Oct 1989 - 3 Dec 1989 | Egon Krenz | Socialist Unity (Communist) Party |
| 7 Oct 1949 - 11 Oct 1949 | Johannes Dieckmann (1st time) | Presidents |
| 11 Oct 1949 - 7 Sep 1960 | Wilhelm Pieck | Presidents |
| 7 Sep 1960 - 12 Sep 1960 | Johannes Dieckmann (2nd time) | Presidents |
| 12 Sep 1960 - 1 Aug 1973 | Walter Ulbricht | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 1 Aug 1973 - 3 Oct 1973 | Friedrich Ebert (acting) | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 | Willi Stoph | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 29 Oct 1976 - 24 Oct 1989 | Erich Honecker | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 24 Oct 1989 - 6 Dec 1989 | Egon Krenz | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 6 Dec 1989 - 5 Apr 1990 | Manfred Gerlach (acting) | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 5 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 | Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (f) | Chairmen of the Council of State |
| 12 Oct 1949 - 21 Sep 1964 | Otto Grotewohl | Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) |
| 24 Sep 1964 - 3 Oct 1973 | Willi Stoph (1st time) | Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) |
| 3 Oct 1973 - 29 Oct 1976 | Horst Sindermann | Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) |
| 29 Oct 1976 - 13 Nov 1989 | Willi Stoph (2nd time) | Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) |
| 13 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 | Hans Modrow | Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) |
| 12 Apr 1990 - 2 Oct 1990 | Lothar de Maizière | Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers) |
Federal Republic of Germany
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category | Affiliation / detail |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 Sep 1949 | Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany" to 2 Oct 1990) | Leaders | |
| 7 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1949 | Karl Arnold (acting) | Presidents | CDU |
| 12 Sep 1949 - 12 Sep 1959 | Theodor Heuss | Presidents | FDP |
| 13 Sep 1959 - 30 Jun 1969 | Heinrich Lübke | Presidents | CDU |
| 1 Jul 1969 - 30 Jun 1974 | Gustav Heinemann | Presidents | SPD |
| 1 Jul 1974 - 30 Jun 1979 | Walter Scheel | Presidents | FDP |
| 1 Jul 1979 - 30 Jun 1984 | Karl Carstens | Presidents | CDU |
| 1 Jul 1984 - 30 Jun 1994 | Richard von Weizsäcker | Presidents | CDU |
| 1 Jul 1994 - 30 Jun 1999 | Roman Herzog | Presidents | CDU |
| 1 Jul 1999 - 30 Jun 2004 | Johannes Rau | Presidents | SPD |
| 1 Jul 2004 - | Horst Köhler | Presidents | CDU |
| 16 Sep 1949 - 16 Oct 1963 | Konrad Adenauer | Chancellors | CDU |
| 16 Oct 1963 - 1 Dec 1966 | Ludwig Erhard | Chancellors | CDU |
| 1 Dec 1966 - 21 Oct 1969 | Kurt Georg Kiesinger | Chancellors | CDU |
| 21 Oct 1969 - 7 May 1974 | Willy Brandt | Chancellors | SPD |
| 7 May 1974 - 16 May 1974 | Walter Scheel (acting) | Chancellors | FDP |
| 16 May 1974 - 1 Oct 1982 | Helmut Schmidt | Chancellors | SPD |
| 1 Oct 1982 - 27 Oct 1998 | Helmut Kohl | Chancellors | CDU |
| 27 Oct 1998 - 22 Nov 2005 | Gerhard Schröder | Chancellors | SPD |
| 22 Nov 2005 - | Angela Merkel (f) | Chancellors | CDU |
Saarbecken (Saargebiet)
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| Nov 1918 | Allied occupation | Leaders |
| 26 Feb 1920 | League of Nations administration | Leaders |
| 1 Mar 1935 | reincorporated into Germany | Leaders |
| 20 Nov 1918 - 17 Feb 1919 | Henri Wirbel (France) (1st time) | Administrators-superior |
| 17 Feb 1919 - 20 Nov 1919 | Joseph Louis Marie Andlauer | Administrators-superior |
| 20 Nov 1919 - 7 Mar 1920 | Henri Wirbel (France) (2nd time) | Administrators-superior |
| 26 Feb 1920 - 31 Mar 1926 | Victor Rault (France) | Presidents of the Commission of Government |
| 1 Apr 1926 - 31 Mar 1927 | George Washington Stephens | Presidents of the Commission of Government |
| 20 Jun 1927 - 31 Mar 1932 | Sir Ernest Wilton (U.K.) | Presidents of the Commission of Government |
| 1 Apr 1932 - 1 Mar 1935 | Geoffrey George Knox (U.K.) | Presidents of the Commission of Government |
| Saarpfalz; from 11 Mar 1941 | , Reichsstatthalter in der Westmark) | Reichskommissar für das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940, Reichskommissar für die |
| 1 Mar 1935 - 28 Sep 1944 | Josef Bürckel | Reichskommissar für das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940, Reichskommissar für die |
| 29 Sep 1944 - 21 Mar 1945 | Willi Stöhr | Reichskommissar für das Saarland; from 8 Apr 1940, Reichskommissar für die |
Heligoland
| Date or term | Officeholder or event | Category |
|---|---|---|
| 1402 | part of Schleswig-Holstein | Leaders |
| 1714 | part of Denmark | Leaders |
| 5 Sep 1807 | British occupation (1814 colony) | Leaders |
| 15 Dec 1890 | part of Germany | Leaders |
| 8 May 1945 - 1 Mar 1952 | British occupation | Leaders |
| 5 Sep 1807 - 1808 | Corbet James D'Auvergne | Lieutenant governors |
| 1808 - 1815 | William Osborne Hamilton | Lieutenant governors |
| 1815 - 1840 | Henry King | Lieutenant governors |
| 1840 - 1857 | John Hindmarsh (from Aug 1851, Sir John Hindmarsh) (b. 1775 - d. 1860) | Lieutenant governors |
| 1857 - 1863 | Richard Pattinson | Lieutenant governors |
| 1863 - 1868 | Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse | Lieutenant governors |
| 1868 - 1881 | Fitzhardinge Berkeley Maxse | Governors |
| 1881 - 1888 | John Terence Nicolls O'Brien | Governors |
| 1888 - 1890 | Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly | Governors |