| 23 Oct 1817 | King Radama I of Imerina, having conquered practically the whole island, enters into a treaty of friendship and peace with the U.K. in which he is recognized as king of Madagascar | Leaders |
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| 6 Aug 1896 | Kingdom of Imerina under French protectorate | Leaders |
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| 28 Feb 1897 | French colony | Leaders |
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| 27 Oct 1946 | French overseas territory | Leaders |
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| 14 Oct 1958 | autonomy (Malagasy Republic) | Leaders |
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| 26 Jun 1960 | independence | Leaders |
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| 30 Dec 1975 | Democratic Republic of Madagascar | Leaders |
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| 12 Sep 1992 | Republic of Madagascar | Leaders |
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| 23 Oct 1817 - 27 Jul 1828 | Radama I (Lehidama) | Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses) |
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| 1 Aug 1828 - 16 Aug 1861 | Ranavalona I Rabodoandrianampoinimerina | Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses) |
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| 16 Aug 1861 - 12 May 1863 | Radama II (Rakotosehenondradama) | Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses) |
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| 13 May 1863 - 1 Apr 1868 | Rasoherina (Rabodozanakandriana) | Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses) |
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| 2 Apr 1868 - 13 Jul 1883 | Ranavalona II (Ramoma) (f) | Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses) |
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| 13 Jul 1883 - 28 Feb 1897 | Ranavalona III (Razafindrahety) | Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses) |
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| 28 Apr 1886 - Mar 1888 | Charles Le Myre de Vilers | Residents-general |
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| Mar 1888 - 12 Dec 1889 | Arthur Larrouy (1st time) | Residents-general |
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| 12 Dec 1889 - 11 Oct 1890 | Maurice Bompard | Residents-general |
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| 11 Oct 1890 - Oct 1892 | Lacoste (acting) | Residents-general |
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| Oct 1892 - 1894 | Arthur Larrouy (2nd time) | Residents-general |
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| 1894 - 1 Dec 1895 | Charles Le Myre de Vilers | Residents-general |
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| 16 Jan 1896 - 28 Sep 1896 | Hippolyte Laroche | Residents-general |
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| 28 Sep 1896 - 31 Jul 1897 | Joseph Galliéni | Residents-general |
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| 31 Jul 1897 - 11 May 1905 | Joseph Galliéni | Governors-general |
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| 11 May 1905 - 1 Jan 1906 | Charles Lepreux (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 1 Jan 1906 - 13 Dec 1909 | Victor Augagneur | Governors-general |
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| 13 Dec 1909 - 16 Jan 1910 | Hubert Garbit (1st time) | Governors-general |
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| 16 Jan 1910 - 31 Oct 1910 | Henri Cor (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 31 Oct 1910 - 14 Oct 1914 | Albert Picquié | Governors-general |
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| 14 Oct 1914 - 19 Jun 1917 | Hubert Garbit (2nd time) | Governors-general |
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| 24 Jul 1917 - 1 Aug 1918 | Martial Merlin | Governors-general |
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| 1 Aug 1918 - 12 Jul 1919 | Abraham Schrameck | Governors-general |
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| 12 Jul 1919 - 22 Jun 1920 | Joseph Guyon (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 22 Jun 1920 - 13 Mar 1923 | Hubert Garbit (3rd time) | Governors-general |
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| 13 Mar 1923 - 20 Feb 1924 | Auguste Brunet (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 20 Feb 1924 - 30 Jan 1929 | Marcel Olivier | Governors-general |
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| 30 Jan 1929 - 1 May 1930 | Hugues Berthier (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 1 May 1930 - 22 Apr 1939 | Léon Cayla (1st time) | Governors-general |
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| 22 Apr 1939 - 10 Jun 1939 | Léon Réallon (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 10 Jun 1939 - 30 Jul 1940 | Marcel de Coppet | Governors-general |
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| 30 Jul 1940 - 15 Feb 1941 | Léon Cayla (2nd time) | Governors-general |
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| 11 Apr 1941 - 30 Sep 1942 | Armand Annet | Governors-general |
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| 30 Sep 1942 - 7 Jan 1943 | V. Bech (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 7 Jan 1943 - 3 May 1943 | Paul Legentilhomme | Governors-general |
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| 3 May 1943 - 27 Mar 1946 | Pierre de Saint-Mart | Governors-general |
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| 27 Mar 1946 - 19 May 1946 | Robert Boudry (acting) | Governors-general |
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| 19 May 1946 - 23 Dec 1947 | Marcel de Coppet | High commissioners |
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| Feb 1948 - 3 Feb 1950 | Pierre de Chevigné | High commissioners |
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| 3 Feb 1950 - Oct 1954 | Robert Bargues | High commissioners |
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| Oct 1954 - 1 May 1959 | André Soucadaux | High commissioners |
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| 1 May 1959 - 11 Oct 1972 | Philibert Tsiranana | Presidents |
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| Jan 1970 - 25 May 1970 | Triumvirate - André Resampa (b. 1934 - d. 1993) - Jacques Rabemananjara (b. 1913 - d. 2005) - Calvin Tsiebo (b. 1902) | Presidents |
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| 11 Oct 1972 - 5 Feb 1975 | Gabriel Ramanantsoa | Presidents |
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| 5 Feb 1975 - 11 Feb 1975 | Richard Ratsimandrava | Presidents |
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| 12 Feb 1975 - 15 Jun 1975 | Gilles Andriamahazo | Presidents |
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| 15 Jun 1975 - 27 Mar 1993 | Didier Ratsiraka (1st time) | Presidents |
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| 27 Mar 1993 - 5 Sep 1996 | Albert Zafy | Presidents |
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| 5 Sep 1996 - 9 Feb 1997 | Norbert Ratsirahonana (acting) | Presidents |
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| 9 Feb 1997 - 5 Jul 2002 | Didier Ratsiraka (2nd time) | Presidents |
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| 22 Feb 2002 - | Marc Ravalomanana | Presidents |
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| 1833 - 1852 | Rainiharo | Prime ministers |
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| 1852 - Jul 1864 | Rainivoninahitriniony | Prime ministers |
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| 14 Jul 1864 - 14 Oct 1895 | Rainilaiarivony | Prime ministers |
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| 15 Oct 1895 - Sep 1896 | Rainitsimbazafy | Prime ministers |
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| Sep 1896 - Feb 1897 | Ombalahivelo Rasanjy | Prime ministers |
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| 27 May 1957 - 1 May 1959 | Philibert Tsiranana | Prime ministers |
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| 18 May 1972 - 5 Feb 1975 | Gabriel Ramanantsoa | Prime ministers |
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| 11 Jan 1976 - 30 Jul 1976 | Joel Rakotomalala | Prime ministers |
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| 12 Aug 1976 - 1 Aug 1977 | Justin Rakotoniaina | Prime ministers |
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| 1 Aug 1977 - 12 Feb 1988 | Désiré Rakotoarijaona | Prime ministers |
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| 12 Feb 1988 - 8 Aug 1991 | Victor Ramahatra | Prime ministers |
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| 8 Aug 1991 - 9 Aug 1993 | Guy Razanamasy | Prime ministers |
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| 9 Aug 1993 - 30 Oct 1995 | Francisque Ravony | Prime ministers |
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| 30 Oct 1995 - 28 May 1996 | Emmanuel Rakotovahiny | Prime ministers |
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| 28 May 1996 - 21 Feb 1997 | Norbert Ratsirahonana | Prime ministers |
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| 21 Feb 1997 - 23 Jul 1998 | Pascal Rakotomavo | Prime ministers |
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| 23 Jul 1998 - 31 May 2002 | Tantely Andrianarivo | Prime ministers |
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| 26 Feb 2002 - 20 Jan 2007 | Jacques Sylla | Prime ministers |
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| 31 May 2002 - 5 Jul 2002 | Jean-Jacques Rasolondraibe | Prime ministers |
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| 20 Jan 2007 - | Charles Rabemananjara | Prime ministers |
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