British Somaliland (in the north) (1887 protectorate)
Leaders
1889
Italian Somalia (in the northeast and, from 1905, in the south)
Leaders
1 Jun 1936
Italian Somalia becomes part of Italian East Africa and the Ethiopian region of Ogaden)
Leaders
18 Aug 1940
Italian occupation of British Somaliland
Leaders
Feb 1941
British administration of Italian Somalia
Leaders
1 Apr 1950
Italian Somalia becomes United Nations trust territory
Leaders
26 Jun 1960
independence of British Somaliland as State of Somaliland
Leaders
1 Jul 1960
unification with Italian Somalia to form Somali Republic
Leaders
21 Oct 1969
Somali Democratic Republic
Leaders
21 Jul 1991
Somali Republic
Leaders
British Somaliland
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
1884 - 1888
Frederick Mercer Hunter
Residents
1889 - 1893
Edward Vincent Stace
Residents
1893 - 1896
Charles William Henry Sealy
Residents
1896 - 1897
William Butler Ferris
Residents
1897 - 1898
James Hayes Sadler
Residents
1898 - 1901
James Hayes Sadler
Consuls-general
1902 - 1905
Eric John Eagles Swayne
Consuls-general
8 May 1906 - 1909
Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux
Commissioners
Jan 1910 - 1911
Sir William Henry Manning
Commissioners
Jul 1911 - 1914
Horace Archer Byatt
Commissioners
May 1914 - Oct 1919
Geoffrey Francis Archer
Commissioners
Oct 1919 - 17 Aug 1922
Geoffrey Francis Archer (from 1920, Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer) (s.a.)
Governors
17 Aug 1922 - 29 Nov 1925
Gerald Henry Summers
Governors
26 Jan 1926 - 18 Jun 1932
Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster
Governors
18 Jun 1932 - 2 Mar 1939
Sir Arthur Salisbury Lawrance
Governors
2 Mar 1939 - 18 Aug 1940
Vincent Goncalves Glenday
Governors
29 Mar 1941 - 3 Mar 1943
Arthur Reginald Chater
Governors
3 Mar 1943 - 15 Nov 1948
Gerald Thomas Fisher
Governors
1948 - Feb 1954
Gerald Reece (from 1950, Sir Gerald Reece) (b. 1897 - d. 1985)
Governors
Feb 1954 - 1959
Theodore Ouseley Pike (from 1956, Sir Theodore Ouseley Pike) (b. 1904 - d. 1987)
Governors
11 Jul 1959 - 26 Jun 1960
Sir Douglas Hall
Governors
26 Jun 1960 - 1 Jul 1960
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Prime minister (de facto head of state)
Italian Somalia
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
1889 - 189.
Vincenzo Filonardi
Commissioners
1898 - 1899
Giorgio Sorrentino
Commissioners
1899 - 1905
Emilio Dulio
Governors
1905 - 1906
Luigi Mercatelli
Governors
1906 - 1907
Giuseppe Salvago Raggi
Governors
1907 - Jul 1910
Tommaso Carletti
Governors
Jul 1910 - 1916
Giacomo De Martino
Governors
1916 - 1919
Giovanni Cherina Ferroni
Governors
21 Jun 1920 - 8 Dec 1923
Carlo Ricci
Governors
8 Dec 1923 - 1 Jun 1928
Cesare Maria De Vecchi, (from 1925) conte di Val Cismon (b. 1884 - d. 1959)
Governors
1 Jun 1928 - 1 Jul 1931
Guido Corni
Governors
1 Jul 1931 - 6 Mar 1935
Maurizio Rava
Governors
6 Mar 1935 - 22 May 1936
Rodolfo Graziani
Governors
22 May 1936 - 24 May 1936
Angelo De Ruben
Governors
24 May 1936 - 15 Dec 1937
Ruggiero Santini
Governors
15 Dec 1937 - 11 Jun 1940
Francesco Saveno Caroselli
Governors
11 Jun 1940 - 31 Dec 1940
Gustavo Pesenti (acting)
Governors
31 Dec 1940 - 9 Mar 1941
Carlo De Simone (acting)
Governors
1941
Sir Reginald Hugh Dorman-Smith
Administrators
1941 - 1943
William Eric Halstead Scuphan
Administrators
1943 - 194.
Denis Henry Widcham
Administrators
1948
Eric Armar Vully de Candole
Administrators
1948 - 1950
Geoffrey Massey Gamble
Administrators
1950 - 1953
Giovanni Fornari
Administrators
1954 - 1957
Enrico Martino
Administrators
1957 - 24 Jul 1958
Enrico Anzilotti
Administrators
24 Jul 1958 - 1 Jul 1960
Mario Di Stefano
Administrators
1956 - 1960
Abdullahi Issa Mohamud
Prime minister
Independent Somalia
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
1 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967
Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
Presidents
10 Jun 1967 - 15 Oct 1969
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
Presidents
15 Oct 1969 - 21 Oct 1969
Sheikh Moktar Muhammad Hussein
Presidents
21 Oct 1969 - 27 Jan 1991
Muhammad Siad Barre
Presidents
29 Jan 1991 - 3 Jan 1997¹
Ali Mahdi Muhammad
Presidents
3 Jan 1997 - ...
Ali Mahdi Muhammad + Osman Hassan Ali "Ato" (b. 1940) + Abdulkadir Muhammad Aden (b. 1919 - d. 2002) + Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (b. 1934) + Aden Abdullahi Nur
Presidents
22 Aug 2000 - 27 Aug 2000
Abdallah Derow Isaq (acting)
Presidents
27 Aug 2000 - 14 Oct 2004
Abdiqasim Salad Hassan largely confined to the Mogadishu area)
Presidents
Jul 2003 - ...
Abdinur Ahmed Darman
Presidents
14 Oct 2004 -
Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 8 Jan 2007 in Mogadishu)
Presidents
5 Jun 2006 - 29 Jun 2006
Sharif Sheikh Ahmed and parts of southern Somalia)
Presidents
29 Jun 2006 - 28 Dec 2006
Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys controlling Mogadishu and parts of southern Somalia)
Presidents
1 Jul 1960 - 12 Jul 1960
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Prime ministers
12 Jul 1960 - 14 Jun 1964
Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
Prime ministers
14 Jun 1964 - 15 Jul 1967
Abdirizak Haji Hussein
Prime ministers
15 Jul 1967 - 1 Nov 1969
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Prime ministers
1 Feb 1987 - 3 Sep 1990
Muhammad Ali Samatar
Prime ministers
3 Sep 1990 - 24 Jan 1991
Muhammad Hawadle Madar
Prime ministers
24 Jan 1991 - 1993¹
Umar Arteh Ghalib
Prime ministers
8 Oct 2000 - 28 Oct 2001
Ali Khalif Galaid
Prime ministers
28 Oct 2001 - 12 Nov 2001
Osman Jama Ali (acting)
Prime ministers
12 Nov 2001 - 8 Dec 2003
Hassan Abshir Farah
Prime ministers
8 Dec 2003 - 3 Nov 2004
Muhammad Abdi Yusuf
Prime ministers
3 Nov 2004 - 29 Oct 2007
Ali Muhammad Ghedi from 26 Feb 2006 in Baidoa, from 29 Dec 2006 in Mogadishu)
Prime ministers
29 Jun 2006 - 28 Dec 2006
Sharif Sheikh Ahmed Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia)
Prime ministers
29 Oct 2007 - 24 Nov 2007
Salim Aliyow Ibrow (acting)
Prime ministers
24 Nov 2007 -
Nur Hassan Hussein
Prime ministers
Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (counter-government, at Baidoa)
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
26 Mar 2001 - ...²
Hussein Aydid + Hilowle Iman Umar + Aden Abdullahi Nur + Hassan Muhammad Nur "Shatigadud" + Abdullahi Sheikh Ismail
Chairmen (rotating monthly)
26 Mar 2001 - Dec 2001?
Mowlid Ma'ane Mohamoud
Secretaries-general
*Aug 2002 - ...
Muhammad Umar Dalha
Secretaries-general
Republic of Somaliland
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
18 May 1991
former British Somaliland secedes from Somalia; Republic of Somaliland proclaimed 24 May 1991 (not internationally recognized)
Leaders
28 May 1991 - 16 May 1993
Abdirahman Ahmed Ali "Tuur"
Presidents
16 May 1993 - 3 May 2002
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal
Presidents
3 May 2002 -
Dahir Riyale Kahin
Presidents
Jubaland
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
15 Jul 1924
Jubaland ceded by Great Britain to Italy; separate administration (Oltro Giuba) set up
Leaders
1 Jul 1926
annexed to Italian Somalia
Leaders
3 Sep 1998
State of Jubaland set up by the Somali Patriotic Movement and the elders of the Digil and Rahanwein clans
Leaders
11 Jun 1999
leader ousted from regional capital Kismayo by the Allied Somali Forces (later called Juba Valley Alliance)
Leaders
18 Jun 2001
Juba Valley Alliance installs a new administration supporting the Mogadishu government
Leaders
24 Sep 2006
Kismayo taken by troops of the Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia
Leaders
1 Jan 2007
Kismayo taken by forces of the central government
Leaders
16 Jul 1924 - 31 Dec 1926
Corrado Zoli
Governor
3 Sep 1998 - 11 Jun 1999
Muhammad Siyad Hersi "Morgan"
Leader
Puntland
Date or term
Officeholder or event
Category
23 Jul 1998
part of northeastern Somalia declared autonomous as Puntland State by Darod clans